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Gregory III of Constantinople
Patriarch Gregory III, surnamed Mammis or Μammas, was Ecumenical Patriarch during the period 1443–1450. Few things are known about his life and his patriarchate. Not even his surname is certain, with the names ''Mammis'' or ''Mammas'' being probably mocking appellations. In the generally unreliable ''Chronicum Majus'' of George Sphrantzes, it is recorded that he came from Crete, and that his real name was Melissenos. In other works he is referred to as Melissenos-Strategopoulos.
He was tonsured as a monk in ca. 1420, and is considered to have been the confessor of Emperor John VIII Palaiologos.〔Προκοπίου Τσιμάνη, Από υψηλή σκοπιά οι Πατριάρχαι Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Αθήνα 1981, τόμ. Α΄, σελ. 55〕 He was a supporter of the Union with the Roman Catholic Church and participated in the Council of Ferrara-Florence. He was elected Patriarch after the death of the also-unionist Patriarch Metrophanes II.
Gregory did his best to reconcile monks, the church hierarchy, and common people to the agreement reached at Ferrara-Florence, but in vain. He was opposed by George Scholarios and John Eugenikos, who wrote extensively against the Council. Leading anti-Unionist clergy refused to pray for the Emperor in their churches. The tension in ecclesiastical circles grew so tense that Gregory left his post, and went into exile in Rome in August 1451.〔Donald M. Nicol, ''The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453'', second edition (Cambridge: University Press, 1993), pp. 371f〕 He was cordially received by Pope Nicholas V, who aided him financially and tried to pressure the Byzantine emperor to restore him on the patriarchal throne. Indeed, the pro-unionists in the Latin-occupied areas of Greece continued to consider him the legitimate patriarch of Constantinople, ignoring his successor, the anti-unionist Athanasius II.
Gregory died in 1459 in Rome. He was honoured as saint and wonder-worker by the Roman Catholic Church. He wrote two dissertations about the confutation of the works of the anti-unionist Bishop Mark Eugenikos, and one on the provenance of the Holy Spirit. Some of his letters have been preserved, while three further theological treatises, ''On the unleavened bread'', ''On the Primacy of the Pope'' and ''On the Heavenly Beatitude'', remain unpublished.
==References==
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